Free Direct Speech [FDS]

Free direct speech is a type of speech presentation that indicates you are repeating the actual words of another person. You do this by surrounding the speech in punctuation (usually speech marks or inverted commas), but you do not use a reporting clause.

Narrator Interference

When a narrator quotes someone else’s words, they have some influence over how we interpret and react to the quoted words. We call this “narrator interference”.

Direct Speech [DS]

Direct speech is a type of speech presentation that indicates that you are repeating the actual words of another person. You do this by surrounding the speech in punctuation (usually quotation marks or inverted commas) and using a reporting clause (such as “she said”).